Flow Cytometry & Its Role in Research

Flow cytometers are powerful tools used to perform flow cytometry, a method of analyzing the characteristics of cell populations in various biological research fields. From diagnosing diseases to studying immune cell behavior, these devices provide critical insights by detecting and measuring physical and chemical characteristics of cells in fluid suspension. As these machines offer a high-throughput method for cell analysis, they are essential in bioscience research, clinical pathology, and even biotech R&D.

However, when acquiring a flow cytometer for your lab or core facility, one crucial factor to consider is the cost. The price of a flow cytometer can vary significantly based on its components, functions, and additional features. This blog post will explore flow cytometry, the different types of flow

What Is Flow Cytometry & How Do Flow Cytometers Work?

Flow cytometry is a powerful analytical technique used to measure physical and chemical characteristics of cells or particles suspended in a fluid. The process involves passing these cells through a laser beam, one at a time, where they scatter light and emit fluorescence, depending on the labels attached to them. This method allows for the rapid analysis of thousands of cells per second, making it invaluable in both clinical and research settings.

The defining aspect of flow cytometry is its ability to analyze multiple parameters simultaneously. By marking cells with fluorescent dyes or antibodies, researchers can gather data on cell size, complexity, DNA content, and the presence of specific proteins, all in a single run. This level of precision and throughput makes it essential for diverse fields like immunology, cancer research, and microbiology.

How Flow Cytometers Work

Flow cytometers are the machines used to perform flow cytometry. They operate by channeling a fluid stream containing cells or particles into a narrow tube, where they are aligned single-file before being illuminated by lasers. As cells pass through the laser, they scatter light, and any fluorescence is detected and measured. The information gathered is processed by the instrument’s optics and electronics systems to generate detailed data about each individual cell.

Generally speaking, these analyzers are used in various ways:

1. Cell Counting and Viability Assays
   Flow cytometers can quickly count the number of cells in a sample and distinguish between live and dead cells. This is critical in both research and clinical environments where precise cell quantification is needed.
2. Cell Sorting
   With fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), flow cytometers can isolate and sort specific populations of cells based on selected characteristics. This allows researchers to collect and analyze targeted cell groups for further study.
3. Immunophenotyping
   By using fluorescently labeled antibodies, flow cytometers can identify the types of proteins present on the cell surface. This is particularly useful in identifying immune cell populations and diagnosing diseases like leukemia or lymphoma.
4. Cell Cycle and Apoptosis Analysis
   Flow cytometry can measure DNA content within cells, making it a key tool in determining where cells are in the cell cycle. This is especially important in cancer research to assess how cancerous cells divide and respond to treatments.

By focusing on both the broader technique of flow cytometry and the role of flow cytometers, you can see how these machines are used to streamline cellular analysis, increase throughput, and provide critical data for research and diagnostics.

Average Flow Cytometer Costs

The cost of a flow cytometer can vary greatly, depending on factors such as the number of lasers, fluorescence channels, data processing capabilities, and the inclusion of additional features like cell sorting or imaging. Here’s a general breakdown of the price range for different flow cytometer models:

• Basic Flow Cytometers (2–4 lasers): $100,000 to $250,000. These models are ideal for small labs performing routine analyses, such as immunophenotyping or cell viability assays.
• Mid-Range Flow Cytometers (4–6 lasers): $250,000 to $500,000. These cytometers offer greater flexibility and are capable of handling more complex experiments like cell cycle analysis and multicolor fluorescence studies.
• High-End Flow Cytometers (6+ lasers, cell sorting): $500,000 to $1,000,000. These models are designed for specialized labs that need advanced sorting capabilities, such as fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) for single-cell analysis or stem cell research.
• Mass Cytometers: $500,000 to $1.5 million. Combining time-of-flight mass spectrometry with flow cytometry, mass cytometers allow for high-dimensional analysis and are suited for deep immunophenotyping studies or multi-parameter experiments.
• Refurbished Flow Cytometers: $70,000 – $150,000. These pre-owned models may offer fewer features than newer instruments but can still provide excellent functionality for routine cell analysis. Refurbished units are an option for labs looking to save on costs while still gaining access to essential equipment.

Additional Costs

When considering the cost of a flow cytometer, you should also factor in the cost of accessories, reagents, maintenance, and software licenses. Some additional expenses include:

• Reagents and Consumables: Fluorescent dyes, antibodies, and other reagents can add up to thousands of dollars annually.
• Service and Maintenance Contracts: These contracts often range between 10-15% of the purchase price per year and cover repairs, software upgrades, and routine maintenance.

Overall, the cost of purchasing a flow cytometer can quickly escalate, but the investment can provide powerful capabilities for a wide range of scientific research applications.

Types of Flow Cytometers & Their Uses

Flow cytometers come in various types, each designed to perform specialized tasks in cellular analysis. All flow cytometers share core components—fluidics, optics, and electronics—but different models offer tailored capabilities to meet specific research needs. Below are the common types of flow cytometers and how they’re employed:

Benchtop Flow Cytometers

These are the most widely used flow cytometers in research labs. Compact and highly versatile, they offer robust analysis while being space-efficient. Benchtop models are ideal for labs looking for cost-effective solutions without compromising data quality. They are commonly used for:

• Basic Cell Analysis: Cell counting, viability assays, and immunophenotyping.
• Fluorescence Measurements: Detecting fluorescence-labeled cells for various research applications.

Acoustic Focusing Cytometers

These cytometers enhance the precision of cell alignment using ultrasonic waves rather than just hydrodynamic focusing. This method allows for more consistent and accurate results, especially in high-throughput settings where large sample volumes are processed. Acoustic focusing cytometers are ideal for:

• High-Speed Analysis: Accommodating larger sample inputs while minimizing clogging risks.
• Multi-Channel Fluorescence: Supporting up to 14 fluorescence channels for complex cell population studies.

Cell Sorters (FACS Systems)

Fluorescence-activated cell sorters (FACS) are advanced flow cytometers that not only analyze but also sort cells based on specific markers. By isolating target cells, FACS enables further downstream analysis or experimentation. These cell analyzers are used in:

• Cell Separation: Purifying specific cell populations for research or therapeutic use.
• Single-Cell Analysis: Isolating individual cells for genomic or proteomic studies.

Imaging Cytometers

These models combine flow cytometry with fluorescence microscopy to provide both quantitative data and detailed visual images. Instead of the traditional PMT, they use charge-coupled device (CCD) cameras for image capture, enabling scientists to see cells while simultaneously collecting fluorescence data. Imaging cytometers are useful for:

• Cell Signaling Studies: Visualizing cellular responses in real time.
• Protein Localization: Tracking protein movements within live cells.

Mass Cytometers

Mass cytometry takes cell analysis a step further by integrating time-of-flight mass spectrometry with flow cytometry. This allows for high-dimensional single-cell analysis by detecting multiple parameters at once. Mass cytometers are commonly used for:

• Deep Immunophenotyping: Analyzing complex immune cell populations.
• Multi-Parametric Studies: Examining up to 40 or more markers per cell.

Flow cytometers are incredibly diverse tools that provide researchers with unparalleled flexibility. Choosing the right type depends on the specific applications, sample volume, and data complexity required for your experiments.

Leasing vs. Buying Flow Cytometers

The decision to lease or buy a flow cytometer often depends on your lab's budget, frequency of use, and the level of flexibility you need. Both options offer distinct advantages, but leasing can provide significant benefits for many labs.

Buying a Flow Cytometer

• Upfront Cost: Purchasing a flow cytometer typically requires a significant upfront investment, especially for advanced models with high capabilities. Newer models can range from $100,000 to $500,000 or more, depending on their features.
• Ownership: Once purchased, the lab owns the equipment and can use it for as long as needed without ongoing payments. However, ownership also means being responsible for any repair, maintenance, or upgrade costs.
• Customization: Purchasing allows for maximum customization, ensuring the flow cytometer is built to suit specific research needs.
• Depreciation: As with any technology, a purchased flow cytometer will depreciate over time, potentially reducing its resale value if you decide to upgrade later.

Leasing a Flow Cytometer

• Lower Upfront Costs: Leasing allows labs to acquire expensive equipment without the high initial costs associated with purchasing. Lease agreements typically spread the cost over time, easing financial pressure on lab budgets.
• Maintenance and Repairs Included: Most leasing agreements include maintenance and repair services, saving labs from the unpredictability of equipment breakdowns and ensuring minimal downtime.
• Flexibility: Leasing provides flexibility. Labs can upgrade to newer models at the end of the lease term, ensuring they always have access to the latest technology without being locked into outdated equipment.
• Tax Benefits: Leasing payments are often considered operating expenses, which may provide tax advantages for labs.
• No Long-Term Commitment: Leasing is ideal for labs with temporary or project-based needs. Once the lease is over, the lab can return the equipment without the hassle of ownership.

Which Option is Right for You? For labs with stable funding and long-term research goals, purchasing a flow cytometer may make sense, especially if you need a highly customized setup. However, for labs seeking financial flexibility or the ability to upgrade regularly, leasing can be a more cost-effective and practical option.

Flow Cytometer Manufacturers

When choosing a flow cytometer for your lab, it's essential to consider the manufacturer, as different companies offer unique features, pricing, and support. Here are some of the leading flow cytometer manufacturers in the industry:

• BD Biosciences: Known for their FACSCanto™ and BD LSRFortessa™ models, BD Biosciences offers a range of reliable and highly customizable flow cytometers. Their instruments are widely used for immunophenotyping and other cell-based assays, making them a go-to for many research labs.
• Beckman Coulter: Their CytoFLEX SRT and MoFlo series are well-regarded for high-precision cell sorting and advanced fluorescence capabilities. Beckman Coulter systems are known for ease of use, making them suitable for both basic research and clinical applications.
• Bio-Rad Laboratories: Offering systems like the ZE5 and S3e, Bio-Rad’s flow cytometers are designed to deliver high-speed, multi-parameter cell analysis with flexibility and scalability. They are often used in clinical diagnostics and biotechnology research.
• Agilent Technologies: Their NovoCyte line (Advanteon, Penteon, Quanteon) is celebrated for high-resolution imaging and ease of operation. Agilent focuses on integrating powerful analysis software, enhancing user experience and throughput.
• Thermo Fisher Scientific: The Attune CytPix flow cytometer is one of their flagship models, offering imaging-based flow cytometry. It combines advanced imaging with flow cytometry, providing a hybrid solution for complex biological studies.

Leasing vs. Buying Flow Cytometers

The decision to lease or buy a flow cytometer often depends on your lab's budget, frequency of use, and the level of flexibility you need. Both options offer distinct advantages, but leasing can provide significant benefits for many labs.

Buying a Flow Cytometer:

• Upfront Cost: Purchasing a flow cytometer typically requires a significant upfront investment, especially for advanced models with high capabilities. Newer models can range from $100,000 to $500,000 or more, depending on their features.
• Ownership: Once purchased, the lab owns the equipment and can use it for as long as needed without ongoing payments. However, ownership also means being responsible for any repair, maintenance, or upgrade costs.
• Customization: Purchasing allows for maximum customization, ensuring the flow cytometer is built to suit specific research needs.
• Depreciation: As with any technology, a purchased flow cytometer will depreciate over time, potentially reducing its resale value if you decide to upgrade later.

Leasing a Flow Cytometer:

• Lower Upfront Costs: Leasing allows labs to acquire expensive equipment without the high initial costs associated with purchasing. Lease agreements typically spread the cost over time, easing financial pressure on lab budgets.
• Maintenance and Repairs Included: Most leasing agreements include maintenance and repair services, saving labs from the unpredictability of equipment breakdowns and ensuring minimal downtime.
• Flexibility: Leasing provides flexibility. Labs can upgrade to newer models at the end of the lease term, ensuring they always have access to the latest technology without being locked into outdated equipment.
• Tax Benefits: Leasing payments are often considered operating expenses, which may provide tax advantages for labs.
• No Long-Term Commitment: Leasing is ideal for labs with temporary or project-based needs. Once the lease is over, the lab can return the equipment without the hassle of ownership.

Which Option is Right for You?

Flow cytometers and flow cytometry systems play an indispensable role in modern biotechnology, from immunophenotyping and cell cycle analysis to more complex cell sorting applications. With a wide variety of models available, labs can choose from benchtop systems to high-performance, multi-laser instruments. When selecting a flow cytometer, it’s important to consider not only the initial cost but also the maintenance, software, and scalability options.

For labs with stable funding and long-term research goals, purchasing a flow cytometer may make sense, especially if you need a highly customized setup. However, for labs seeking financial flexibility or the ability to upgrade regularly, leasing can be a more cost-effective and practical option.

If purchasing such equipment seems daunting due to cost, leasing can be a valuable alternative. By leasing a flow cytometer, your lab can acquire cutting-edge technology while maintaining financial flexibility, ensuring your research and development goals remain on track.