What Is an Incubator Used for in the Lab?

Table of Contents

What Is a Lab Incubator?

A lab incubator is a controlled environment designed specifically to promote and sustain the growth of microbiological cultures or cell cultures. It achieves this by maintaining optimal conditions such as temperature, humidity, and often CO2 and oxygen levels. Think of it as a protective stainless steel cocoon, sheltering its inhabitants from external disturbances and ensuring they have everything needed to grow and reproduce effectively.

The concept of incubation has ancient origins. Long before the advent of modern science, various civilizations recognized the need to provide warmth and protection to encourage growth, be it for hatching eggs or fermenting beverages.

The transition from these rudimentary practices to developing the first scientific incubators occurred in the 19th century. French biologist Louis Pasteur’s pioneering work on bacteria laid the groundwork. Recognizing his experiments’ need for a controlled environment, scientists designed the early versions of incubators. These simple devices used water or heated air for warmth and were indispensable in cultivating pure bacterial cultures.

Over the years, as the demands of science evolved, so did incubators. The simple boxes of the past transformed into sophisticated machines equipped with state-of-the-art technology. Today’s incubators can regulate temperature, humidity, gas concentration, and even light, ensuring that any experiment's specific needs are met.

The rise and advancement of incubators reflect their enduring significance in scientific research. From enabling the earliest studies of microorganisms to facilitating cutting-edge stem cell research today, they remain indispensable to the world of science.

Types of Lab Incubators

CO2 incubators: These are designed primarily for cell culture growth. By maintaining conditions with elevated levels of carbon dioxide, CO2 incubators create an environment that closely mimics the conditions inside a human body, making them ideal for cultivating mammalian cells.
Microbiological incubators: Perfect for the growth of bacteria, yeast, and fungi, these incubators maintain a constant temperature, ensuring that microbiological cultures remain uncontaminated and grow efficiently.
Shaking incubators: These combine the temperature-control feature with a shaking mechanism. The shaker helps aerate liquid cultures, promoting growth and ensuring homogeneity in the culture medium, which is crucial for experiments like fermentation.
BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) incubators: Used predominantly in environmental research, these incubators help assess the amount of oxygen bacteria require to decompose organic matter in water samples.

Components & Their Roles

Temperature control: Perhaps the most basic yet crucial feature, maintaining a steady temperature, whether it’s a high or low temperature, ensures the optimal growth and metabolic activity of the organism being cultured.
Humidity control: Especially vital for cell cultures, consistent humidity levels prevent the evaporation of culture mediums, ensuring that cells remain hydrated and nourished.
Gas concentration control: Some cultures, like mammalian cells, require specific concentrations of gasses like CO2 or oxygen. The ability to regulate this is essential in creating the most conducive environment for growth.
Sterility: Many modern incubators have features like UV sterilization to ensure that cultures remain uncontaminated. Cleanliness is paramount, as external microbes can compromise an entire experiment.

Choosing the Right Incubator: Recommendations & Best Practices

Assess your needs: Before making a purchase, it’s essential to clearly define the types of cultures you’ll be working with and the conditions they require.
Space considerations: Ensure you have ample space for the incubator in your lab, factoring in ventilation needs and accessibility.
Easy to clean: Given the need for sterility, it's wise to opt for incubators that are easy to clean and maintain.
Energy efficiency: With sustainability becoming a priority, consider incubators that consume less power and are more energy-efficient.
Check for certification: Always opt for incubators that adhere to industry standards and have necessary certifications. This ensures reliability and safety.

The Science Behind Incubation

At its heart, incubation is about creating the perfect environment for life to flourish on a microscopic scale. Let's understand the foundations:

Temperature: Each organism, cell, or tissue thrives in a specific temperature range. Human pathogens, for example, grow best at body temperature, approximately 98.6°F, or 37°C. Incubators that replicate this warmth are critical for studying such organisms. Fluctuations can drastically affect their metabolic processes and overall health.
Humidity: Especially for cell cultures, humidity plays a pivotal role. An incorrect moisture level can lead to the evaporation of the media, changing its concentration and thereby affecting cell growth and behavior.
Aseptic conditions: In a microscopic setting, contamination can dramatically impact results. Maintaining an uncontaminated environment ensures that researchers study what they intend to do without interference from rogue microorganisms.

‍

The principles of incubation aren’t merely academic—they’re driving revolutionary changes in the world of biotechnology and biopharmaceuticals. Consider the strides we’re making in personalized medicine. Leading biotech firms are developing therapies tailored to individual patients, often requiring cell cultures derived from patients. The precision of incubation ensures that these cultures grow in a controlled manner, leading to treatments that can be more effective and have fewer side effects.

Then, there’s the realm of drug discovery. Biopharma giants regularly screen thousands of compounds on cultured cells to find the next blockbuster drug. These screenings rely heavily on consistent incubation conditions to produce reliable results. A minor inconsistency can lead to false positives or negatives, potentially missing out on a promising lead.

Vaccine development, stem cell research, regenerative medicine—the list goes on. In all these fields, incubation plays a silent yet indispensable role. The controlled environments offered by incubators ensure that R&D departments, from startups to industry leaders, can trust and build upon their data. This foundational trust allows science to push the boundaries of what’s possible in healthcare.

The success of scientific experiments hinges on the accuracy and consistency of conditions. A fraction of a degree off, a minor fluctuation in humidity, or a momentary lapse in sterility can be the difference between breakthrough and back-to-square-one. The beauty of modern incubators is their ability to maintain these conditions with unwavering accuracy, serving as the bedrock for scientific inquiry and discoveries.

Applications of Lab Incubators

Cell culture: One of the most common applications, incubators allow scientists to grow cells under controlled conditions. This includes primary cells, cell lines, stem cells, and tissues. Such cultures are fundamental for drug testing, cancer research, and understanding various cellular processes.
Microbiology: From studying the growth kinetics of bacteria to understanding antibiotic resistance, incubators are pivotal in microbiology. They facilitate the growth of diverse microorganisms, allowing for a deeper understanding of their biology and interactions.
Genetics and molecular biology: Incubators have a role in gene expression studies, genetic cloning, and more. For instance, after introducing a foreign piece of DNA into bacteria, the cells might be incubated to allow them to grow and replicate, producing many copies of the introduced DNA.
Vaccine development: Especially relevant given the recent global health events, incubators are essential in vaccine development. They provide the necessary environment for cultivating the virus or bacteria of interest or the cells that produce vaccine components.
Biochemical studies: Enzyme kinetics, protein folding, and other biochemical reactions often require optimal temperatures. Incubators allow these reactions to be carried out under defined conditions, ensuring reproducibility and accuracy.
Environmental studies: BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) incubators, as mentioned earlier, play a crucial role in assessing the health of aquatic ecosystems by measuring the oxygen levels consumed by microorganisms in water samples.
Fermentation: Both in research and industry, incubators aid in fermentative processes, allowing for the controlled growth of yeast, fungi, or bacteria to produce various products, ranging from biofuels to fermented foods.
Tissue engineering: As we move closer to the dream of growing organs in labs, incubators are vital in the research and development phase. They provide the controlled environment required for engineered tissues to grow and differentiate.
Aging studies: Understanding how cells age requires creating long-term controlled environments. Incubators allow scientists to mimic the passage of time on cells, offering insights into the cellular mechanisms behind aging and potential interventions.
Insect and other small organism culturing: Incubators are also used to culture insects (like fruit flies, a popular model organism in genetics) or even tiny aquatic organisms under specific conditions for various biological studies.

Innovations & Novel Applications

The past half-decade has witnessed some fascinating innovations and applications that involve incubators:

Organoids and mini-organs: Scientists can now grow organ-like structures, known as organoids, inside incubators. These organoids, derived from stem cells, mimic the real organs' structure and function and are used for disease modeling and drug testing.
Cultured meat production: A novel and potentially revolutionary application, some companies attempt to produce meat by culturing animal cells in incubators. This approach might pave the way for sustainable meat production without animal slaughter.
Personalized medicine and CAR-T therapies: Unique treatments tailored to individual patients have gained momentum. One notable example is the development of CAR-T therapies for cancer, where a patient’s T-cells are modified and grown in incubators before being reintroduced to their body to combat cancer cells.
Microbiome studies: As researchers delve deeper into the significance of the human microbiome, incubators have become indispensable tools for culturing and studying the vast array of microorganisms that reside within and upon us.

The applications of incubators are as vast as the expanse of biological research itself. With every breakthrough and novel experiment, they continue to underscore their pivotal role in modern science.

Safety Considerations & Best Practices

The laboratory's mix of chemicals, equipment, and live cultures can be a potential hotspot for accidents and mishaps. Incubators, while generally safe, are no exception. Ensuring safety while working with these machines is not just about preventing accidents but also about ensuring the validity and reliability of scientific experiments.

Safety Checklist for Lab Incubator Users

Regular maintenance: Like any equipment, incubators should be checked and serviced regularly to ensure they function optimally. This includes cleaning, recalibration, and addressing any wear and tear.
Monitor gas levels: If you’re using an incubator that regulates gas levels, ensure there are no leaks. Prolonged exposure to gases like CO2 can be harmful.
Aseptic techniques: Always use sterile techniques when introducing or removing cultures. This protects the cultures and prevents the potential spread of harmful microorganisms.
Proper training: Ensure that every individual using the incubator is adequately trained, not just in its operation but also in understanding its functions and safety features.
Emergency protocols: Have clear protocols for emergencies, such as power outages or equipment malfunctions.
Backup systems: For long-term experiments, backup power systems can prevent data loss and culture death due to unexpected power failures.
Regularly update software: For incubators with digital controls, keeping software up-to-date ensures smooth operation and access to new safety features.

Addressing Common Mistakes & Misconceptions

"Higher temperatures mean faster growth": While some might believe that a slightly higher temperature might accelerate growth, it can also denature proteins or kill specific cells. Always adhere to recommended temperatures.
"Incubators don't need regular cleaning": Given that they are closed environments, some assume incubators remain sterile. However, contamination is a common problem. Regular cleaning and sterilization are essential.
"All incubators are the same": Different experiments require different types of incubators. Using the wrong one can compromise your research.

Solutions & Recommendations

Always consult the incubator’s manual or guidelines provided by the manufacturer. They typically contain vital information tailored to the specific model.
If uncertain about any aspect of the incubator’s function or safety features, seek clarification from senior lab members or the equipment supplier.
Maintain a lab log for the incubator, noting any anomalies, maintenance activities, and user-specific settings. This transparency can help identify issues early on and ensure everyone remains informed.

Safety, when combined with diligence and proper knowledge, ensures that the lab remains a place of discovery rather than mishaps. Adhering to these guidelines and best practices will ensure that work with incubators is productive and safe.

Choosing the Right Incubator for Your Lab

When investing in a lab incubator, understanding the specific requirements of your research is essential. Here’s a comparative breakdown to help navigate the selection process.

CO2 Incubators

Best for: Cell culture growth, especially mammalian cells.
Temperature range: Typically 15°C above ambient to 60°C.
Considerations: CO2 concentration control, in-built sterilization mechanisms, humidity control.

Microbiological Incubators

Best for: Bacteria, yeast, and fungi growth.
Temperature range: Ambient to around 70°C, depending on the model.
Considerations: Temperature accuracy, ease of cleaning.

Shaking Incubators

Best for: Liquid culture aeration, fermentation studies.
Temperature range: Typically from a bit below ambient to 60°C-80°C.
Considerations: Speed and amplitude of shaking, temperature consistency.

Refrigerated Incubators

Best for: Biochemical assays and long-term storage of cultures.
Temperature range: Can go as low as 0°C or even lower, up to ambient or slightly higher.
Considerations: Frost-free mechanisms, energy efficiency.

Anaerobic Incubators

Best for: Culturing anaerobic organisms.
Temperature range: Around ambient to 45°C-50°C.
Considerations: Gas tightness, ease of sample introduction/removal without exposure to oxygen.

Hybridization Incubators

Best for: DNA and RNA hybridization processes.
Temperature range: Typically around 5°C above ambient to 100°C.
Considerations: Rotation or agitation mechanisms, temperature accuracy.

Recommendations & Considerations

Size & capacity: Ensure the incubator fits in your allocated lab space. Additionally, consider your research scale. Larger, stackable incubators might be appropriate for extensive studies or industrial applications.
Ease of cleaning: Opt for incubators with rounded corners and fewer nooks and crannies. This makes sterilization more effective.
Reliability: Brands with a strong reputation in the industry often provide more reliable and durable equipment. Though they might come with a higher price tag, the investment pays off in the long run.
Customizability: Some incubators allow for modular adjustments, like additional shelves or specialized trays. This is especially useful if you anticipate diverse research needs.
Connectivity & monitoring: Modern incubators often come with remote monitoring capabilities, allowing researchers to monitor their experiments without being physically present in the lab.
Budget: While it’s tempting to go for the most advanced model, evaluate if you genuinely need all the features. Sometimes, a more basic model can serve your needs without burning a hole in your pocket.

Remember, the best incubator integrates with your research, offering reliability and precision. It’s not merely about buying an appliance but adding a valuable member to your research team.

Maintenance & Troubleshooting

Regular cleaning: Remove all cultures and samples, and clean the interior with a mild detergent followed by a disinfectant. Check the manufacturer’s guidelines for recommended cleaning agents.
Calibration: Periodically, ensure the temperature, CO2 levels, and humidity settings are accurate. Use external meters to compare readings. If discrepancies arise, recalibrate according to the manufacturer's instructions.
Filter replacement: Replace filters regularly for incubators with built-in air filtration systems to ensure a contamination-free environment.
Seal and gasket inspection: Check door seals and gaskets for any signs of wear or damage. Compromised seals can affect temperature and gas concentration stability.
Fan and motor check: Ensure any built-in fans or motors work correctly. They aid in maintaining uniform conditions inside the incubator.
Backup battery: If your incubator has a backup power system, check its battery health regularly. Replace if necessary.
Software updates: Ensure the software or firmware is updated for digitally-controlled incubators.

Addressing Common Concerns

Our first recommendation for troubleshooting is to speak with the manufacturer; ideally, a technician can help you address your problem over the phone or in person. That said, there are some ways to address common issues and concerns:

Fluctuating temperature: Solution—Check the door seal and ensure it's sealing correctly. If the incubator is placed near a heat source or in direct sunlight, consider relocating it. Lastly, verify that the heating element is functioning properly.
Inaccurate CO2 or O2 levels: Solution—Ensure the gas tanks are not empty and are properly connected. Check for leaks in the tubing or connections. Recalibrate the sensors if necessary.
Humidity issues: Solution—First, ensure that the water reservoir (if present) is filled and functioning. Clean any blocked humidity outlets. If the incubator uses a humidity sensor, consider checking its calibration.
Contamination: Solution—Sterilize the entire incubator. For future prevention, integrate UV sterilization cycles if your incubator has this feature. Always follow aseptic techniques during sample introduction and removal.
Unusual noises: Solution—Often a sign of a faulty fan or motor. Inspect these parts for any visible damage or blockage. Consider seeking professional repair if the problem persists.

While troubleshooting can address immediate concerns, routine maintenance is the key to preventing these issues in the first place. A well-maintained incubator ensures the validity of your experiments. It extends the equipment’s lifespan, making it a worthy investment of your time and effort.

In Conclusion

Lab incubators, often nestled quietly among the bustling activity of a laboratory, are the unsung champions of numerous scientific breakthroughs in the life sciences. Whether it’s understanding the intricate dance of cell biology, delving into the world of microorganisms, or pioneering the next big drug, these machines are at the heart of it all.

There is a vast range of applications incubators serve, from cell cultures and microbiology to cutting-edge biotech innovations. We’ve underscored the significance of choosing the right incubator, the nuances in their operation, and the importance of maintenance for ensuring safety and optimal performance.

But having this knowledge is just the beginning. The real magic happens when you, the researcher, apply these insights in your lab, fine-tuning your practices and ensuring that every experiment you conduct is backed by precision and reliability. With the right incubator by your side and the wisdom to use it effectively, the boundaries of what you can achieve are limitless.

So, as you stand on the brink of your next discovery, remember your incubator’s important role and let this guide serve as your compass in navigating the fascinating world of incubation.

Lease Your Next Incubator with Excedr

Are you in the market for a lab incubator? Whether it’s a benchtop model or something larger, lease your next incubator with Excedr.

We get you top-of-the-line laboratory equipment and work to provide flexible terms that suit your lab's needs. Equip your lab with the best without the upfront costs. Reach out today.